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To access the contents, click the chapter and section titles.
Oracle Performance Tuning and Optimization
(Publisher: Macmillan Computer Publishing)
Author(s): Edward Whalen
ISBN: 067230886x
Publication Date: 04/01/96
Index
A
- ACID tests (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability), 55-58
- ad-hoc, 22, 608
- add-ons, see Parallel Query option; Parallel Server option
- AdHawk tool, 498
- administrator (database administrator), 23, 610
- agents, SNMP agents, 76
- aggregate functions, 608
- AIO, see Asynchronous I/O
- alerts, triggers, 470
- alias, see synonyms
- ALL_CONS_COLUMNS view, 467
- ALL_CONSTRAINTS view, 467
- ALL_ROWS hint, 479
- ALL_TRIGGERS view, 471
- ALTER TABLE command, 466
- analysis tools, 496
- defined, 490
- Oracle Mission Control, 496-497
- Oracle Trace, 497
- parameters, list of, 627-629
- summary, 499
- third-party tools, 497
- AdHawk, 498
- DATA-XPERT, 498
- DBGENERAL, 498
- Patrol, 498-499
- Precise/SQL suite, 498
- TSreorg, 498
- ANALYZE command, 441-442
- checking structural integrity, 444
- data dictionary statistics, 445-447
- gathering chained-row statistics, 444-445
- gathering statistics, 442-443
- Analyze/SQL tool, 498
- AND_EQUAL hint, 481
- application development tools, 494, 534
- advantages, 534
- defined, 490
- first-generation tools, 534-535
- modern tools, 535
- Oracle tools, 494, 536
- Developer/2000, 495, 536-544
- Power Objects, 495, 544-546
- third-party tools, 495, 546
- Delphi, 495-496, 547-548
- PowerBuilder, 495, 552
- ReportSmith, 548-549
- SQL Windows, 495, 550-552
- tuning automatically generated SQL statements, 535-536
- application servers
- defined, 557-558
- tuning, 559
- applications, 17
- client, bottlenecks, 523
- ConText, 18
- designing, 83, 426
- clusters, 430
- discrete transactions, 435-436
- functions, 432-433
- hash clusters, 431-432
- indexes, 426-429
- optimization techniques, 433-434
- packages, 432-433
- procedures, 432-433
- Media Server, 18
- Oracle Financial Applications, 17
- Oracle Office, 17-18
- Oracle WebServer, 18
- registering, 417
- tuning considerations, 420
- analyzing effects of SQL statements, 424-425
- analyzing SQL statements, 422-424
- problem analysis, 420-421
- summary, 425, 591-592
- ARCH (Archiver Process), 12, 26-27
- architectures
- buses, 211-212
- memory, 210
- virtual memory system, 211
- microkernel architecture, 183
- networks
- hardware components, 566-570
- protcols, 570-572
- operating systems
- NetWare, 178-179
- OS/2, 188
- UNIX, 192
- Windows NT, 183-184
- Parallel Server option, 340-343
- three-tiered system architecture, 557-558
- tuning, 559
- two-tiered system architecture, 556
- archive logs
- batch processing systems, 276
- BLOB systems, 332
- data warehouses, 314
- decision support systems, 295
- defined, 26-27, 134-135
- financial systems, 372
- office systems, 385
- OLTP systems, 255
- TextServer 3.0 systems, 381
- WebServer systems, 389
- ARCHIVELOG mode, backup and recovery process, 351
- Archiver process (ARCH), 12, 26-27
- arrays
- disk arrays, 611
- processing, 510
- Asynchronous I/O (AIO)
- defined, 22, 171-172, 608
- operating systems, 589
- UNIX, 198-200
- ATM networks, 570
- atomicity, 55
- Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability (ACID tests), 55-58
- AUDIT command, 472-473
- audit trails, 472-473
- AUDIT_TRAIL parameter, 641
- AUTO_MOUNTING parameter, 642
B
- B*-Tree index structure, 149
- background processes
- ARCH (Archiver), 12
- CKPT (Checkpoint), 11
- fast checkpoints, 26
- normal checkpoints, 26
- DBWR (Database Writer), 11
- defined, 11-12
- Dnnn (Dispatcher), 12
- LCK (Parallel Server Lock), 12
- LGWR (Log Writer), 11
- PMON (Process Monitor), 11
- RECO (Recovery process), 12
- SMON (System Monitor), 12
- BACKGROUND_DUMP_DEST parameter, 629
- backups
- characteristics, 352
- cold (offline) backups, 352
- data access patterns during backup, 353
- goals of backups, 353-354
- hot (online) backups, 352-353
- loads during backups, 353
- cold (offline) backups
- defined, 350, 354
- hardware considerations, 355-356
- physical data access, 354-355
- software considerations, 355-356
- design considerations, summary, 358
- enhancements, 359
- CPU, 359
- I/O, 359-360
- networks, 360
- segmenting backups, 360-362
- summary, 361-362
- testing database, 362
- testing operating system, 363-365
- verifying performance, 362-365
- exports, 350
- full backups, 350
- hot (online) backups
- defined, 350, 355-356
- hardware considerations, 357-358
- physical data access, 356-357
- software considerations, 357-358
- offline backups, 350
- online tablespace backups, defined, 350
- processes, 351
- recovery process, 351-352
- software testing, 364-365
- tuning considerations, 358-359
- bandwidth
- buses, 212
- defined, 608
- network design, 576-577
- batch processing systems
- archive logs, 276
- block
- buffers, 274
- size, 277
- characteristics, 266-267
- data access patterns, 267
- goals of optimally tuned systems, 268-269
- loads, 267-268
- summary, 269
- checkpoints, 276
- clusters, 277
- comparisons to OLTP systems, 265
- contention, latch contention, 275
- defined, 27, 608
- design considerations, 270
- direct write sorts, 277
- enhancements, 590
- benchmarks, 282-283
- CPU, 279
- hardware, 279-281
- high-speed compression, 280-281
- high-speed tape, 280-281
- I/O, 279-280
- list of, 277
- networks, 280
- Parallel Query option, 277-278
- Parallel Server option, 278
- summary, 281
- testing database, 281
- testing operating system, 282
- verifying performance, 281-283
- hardware considerations, 274
- hash clusters, 277
- indexes, 277
- library cache, 275
- performance criteria of system, 38
- checklist, 39
- physical data layouts, 270-271
- disk arrays, 272-273
- traditional disks, 271-272
- segments, rollback segments, 275
- tuning considerations
- Oracle, 274-276
- server operating systems, 276-277
- benchmarks
- batch processing systems, 282-283
- BLOB systems, 336-337
- custom benchmarks, 70
- defined, 51-52
- writing benchmarks, 70-72
- data warehouses, 320-321
- decision support systems, 301-302
- defined, 51-52
- OLTP systems, 262
- publications, 69
- standard benchmarks
- defined, 51-53
- TPC (Transaction Processing Performance Council), 53- 57
- testing, 69
- UNIX features, 200-203
- Binary Large Objects, see BLOB systems
- binding variables, 401
- bits, 29
- BLANK_TRIMMING parameter, 629
- BLOB systems (Binary Large Objects)
- archive logs, 332
- block
- buffers, 332
- size, 333
- checkpoints, 332
- characteristics, 324
- data access patterns, 324
- goals of optimally tuned systems, 325-326
- loads, 324-325
- summary, 326-327
- clusters, 333
- contention, latch contention, 332
- defined, 28, 323-324, 608
- design considerations, 327
- enhancements, 333, 590
- benchmarks, 336-337
- CPU, 334
- hardware, 334-335
- I/O, 334-335
- networks, 335
- Parallel Query option, 333
- summary, 335
- testing database, 336
- testing server operating system, 336
- verifying performance, 335-337
- hardware considerations, 331
- indexes, 333
- library cache, 332
- mutiblock reads, 332
- physical data layout, 328
- disk arrays, 329-331
- traditional disks, 328-329
- segments, rollback segments, 332
- tuning considerations
- Oracle, 332
- server operating systems, 333
- blocks
- buffers
- batch operating systems, 274
- BLOB systems, 332
- cache, 583
- data warehouses, 313
- decision support systems, 294
- defined, 22
- financial systems, 371
- office systems, 384
- OLTP systems, 254
- replicated systems, 376
- TextServer 3.0 systems, 381
- WebServer systems, 388
- defined, 22, 608
- indexes, 149
- multiblock reads or writes, 152-153
- size, 584
- batch processing systems, 277
- BLOB systems, 333
- changing, 140-141
- data warehouses, 315
- decision support systems, 296
- financial systems, 372
- OLTP systems, 256
- testing disk block size in backup process, 363
- testing tape drives for backup process, 363
- TextServer 3.0 systems, 381
- WebServer systems, 389
- body
- functions, 454
- packages, 458
- procedures, 453
- bottlenecks
- clients, performance, 522
- application, 523
- hardware, 524
- network, 523
- presentation, 524
- defined, 92
- finding, 92
- removing, 93
- branch blocks, indexes, 149
- bridges, networks, 577
- buffer
- buffers
- block buffers, 608
- batch operating systems, 274
- BLOB systems, 332
- cache, 583
- data warehouses, 313
- decision support systems, 294
- defined, 22
- financial systems, 371
- office systems, 384
- OLTP systems, 254
- replicated systems, 376
- TextServer 3.0 systems, 381
- WebServer systems, 388
- cache, 9, 22, 608
- cache-hits ratio, 107-108
- SQL statement, 597
- tuning, 107-108
- UNIX operating systems, 193
- clean buffers, 22, 608
- defined, 22, 608
- dirty buffers, 22, 608
- disk drive, 215
- redo log buffer, 10, 608
- contention, 600-601
- latch contention, 131-132
- buses
- architecture, 211-212
- bandwidth, 212, 608
- defined, 211
- business models, 27-28
- see also financial systems
- bytes, 29
C
- cache
- buffer cache, 9, 22, 583
- cache-hits ratio, 107-108
- SQL statement, 597
- tuning, 107-108
- UNIX operating systems, 193
- CPU cache, 206-207, 210
- data dictionary cache, 582
- SQL statement, 596-597
- defined, 22, 608
- disk arrays
- controller caches, 228
- read/write caches, 229
- write caches, 228-229
- hits, 609
- increasing in library cache, 100-102
- ratio in buffer cache, 107-108
- library cache, 450-452, 582
- batch processing systems, 275
- BLOB systems, 332
- decision support systems, 295
- financial systems, 371
- hits, 451
- misses, 451
- office systems, 384
- replicated systems, 376
- SQL statement, 596
- stored functions and procedures, 456-457
- TextServer 3.0 systems, 381
- WebServer systems, 388
- cache affinity, 174
- batch processing systems, 276
- BLOB systems, 333
- data warehouses, 314
- decision support systems, 296
- OLTP systems, 255
- operating systems, 589
- UNIX
- disabling preemptive scheduling, 202
- summary of tuning guidelines, 202-203
- CACHE hint, 485
- cache miss, shared pool, 101
- CACHE_SIZE_THRESHOLD parameter, 347, 639
- calls, recursive calls, 118
- Cartesian products, 505-506, 609
- CD-ROM, SQL scripts on, 646-648
- Central Processing Unit, see CPU
- chaining rows, 117-118
- gathering chained-row statistics, 444-445
- SQL statement, 599
- CHAR data type, 510
- CHECK constraint, 465
- CHECKPOINT_PROCESS parameter, 629
- checkpoints, 11, 26, 133-134
- batch processing systems, 276
- BLOB systems, 332
- data warehouses, 314
- decision support systems, 295
- defined, 26
- fast checkpoints, 26, 134
- financial systems, 372
- normal checkpoints, 26, 133
- office systems, 385
- OLTP systems, 255
- TextServer 3.0 systems, 381
- WebServer systems, 389
- checksums, 23, 609
- CHOOSE hint, 479
- CISC processors (Complex Instruction Set Computer), 207-208
- CKPT, see checkpoints
- classes, Oracle Power Objects, 545-546
- classroom training, 19
- CLEANUP_ROLLBACK_ENTRIES parameter, 630
- client processes, 10
- client/server systems
- defined, 519-520
- performance criteria, 32-33
- checklist, 35-36
- client component, 33
- network, 35
- server component, 33-35
- transactions, running, 32
- clients
- bottlenecks, performance, 522
- application, 523
- hardware, 524
- network, 523
- presentation, 524
- computing models, 520
- three-tiered system, 521-522
- two-tiered system, 520-521
- defined, 32, 516
- development of
- client/server model, 519-520
- GUI/Server model, 517-519
- network computing model, 517
- traditional computing model, 516-517
- performance criteria, 33
- tuning considerations, 85
- summary, 592
- CLOSE_CACHED_OPEN_ CURSORS parameter, 630
- CLUSTER hint, 481
- cluster key, 609
- clusters, 584
- advantages, 141-143
- batch processing systems, 277
- BLOB systems, 333
- computers, 609
- creating, 430
- data warehouses, 315
- decision support systems, 296
- defined, 6
- design stage, 83
- disadvantages, 142-143
- financial systems, 372
- index clusters, 141, 427, 609
- OLTP systems, 256
- Parallel Server option, 340
- tables, 609
- TextServer 3.0 systems, 381
- views, data in, 446
- WebServer systems, 389
- see also hash clusters
- cold (offline) backups
- defined, 350, 352-354
- hardware/software considerations, 355-356
- physical data access, 354-355
- cold data, 609
- cold databases, 609
- collisions, 609
- columns
- indexes, choosing columns to index, 428
- indexing, data selection guidelines, 151
- tables, 6
- views, data in, 447
- commands
- ALTER TABLE, 466
- ANALYZE, 441-442
- checking structural integrity, 444
- data dictionary statistics, 445-447
- gathering chained-row statistics, 444-445
- gathering statistics, 442-443
- AUDIT, 472-473
- CREATE SEQUENCE, parameters, 502-503
- CREATE TABLE, 466
- CREATE TRIGGER, 469
- DDL (Data Definition Language), 23, 610
- DML (Data Manipulation Language), 23, 611
- EXPLAIN PLAN
- analyzing SQL statement execution, 424
- defined, 394-395, 404, 414
- extracting results of, 416
- initialization, 414-415
- invoking, 415-416
- NOAUDIT, 472-473
- COMMIT_POINT_STRENGTH parameter, 638
- COMPATABLE parameter, 630
- COMPATABLE_NO_ RECOVERY parameter, 630
- Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC processors), 207-208
- complex statements, 609
- component queries, 609
- composite indexes, 149
- advantages, 151
- creating, 428-429
- defined, 427
- compound queries, 609
- compression, high- performance com- pression, 365
- computing
- client/server models, 519-520
- three-tiered system, 521-522
- two-tiered system, 520-521
- development of, 516-520
- GUI/Server model, 517-519
- network computing model, 517
- traditional computing model, 516-517
- concurrency, 23, 610
- configuring disk array systems, 240
- connectivity, 43
- consistency, 55
- consistent mode, 610
- consistent read, 610
- constraints, 466
- CHECK, 465
- defined, 610
- FOREIGN, 465
- implementing
- at table creation, 466
- at table modification, 466-467
- integrity constraints, list of, 465
- NOT NULL, 465
- PRIMARY, 465
- summary, 469
- UNIQUE, 465
- viewing, 467-469
- consulting services, 18
- contention
- defined, 23, 610
- disk contention, 109-110
- identifying problems, 110-111
- isolating sequential I/Os, 112
- separating data from index, 116
- striping random I/Os, 112-116
- free list contention, 136-137
- SQL statement, 602
- latch contention, 130-131, 314
- batch processing systems, 275
- BLOB systems, 332
- data warehouses, 314
- decision support systems, 295
- financial systems, 371
- office systems, 385
- OLTP systems, 255
- redo log buffer, 131-132
- replicated systems, 376
- SQL statement, 601
- TextServer 3.0 systems, 381
- WebServer systems, 389
- redo log buffer contention, 130-131
- rollback contention, 123
- financial systems, 371
- office systems, 385
- OLTP systems, 254
- replicated systems, 376
- SQL statement, 599-600
- WebServer systems, 389
- SQL statement, 600-601
- ConText, 18
- control files, 5
- CONTROL_FILES parameter, 630
- controller, 227
- caches, 228
- fiber optic networks, 569
- read/write caches, 229
- write caches, 228
- conversions, 28
- binary storage units, 29-30
- powers of 10, 29
- copying databases, see replicated systems
- core
- OS/2, 188
- Windows NT, 183
- cost-based optimization method
- ANALYZE command, 441-442
- checking structural integrity, 444
- data dictionary statistics, 445-447
- gathering chained-row statistics, 444-445
- gathering statistics, 442-443
- choosing, 438-439
- defined, 434, 441, 610
- hints, 447
- count parameter, SQL Trace, 409
- CPU (Central Processing Unit), 206
- cache, 206-207, 210
- CISC processors (Complex Instruction Set Computer), 207-208
- defined, 206-207
- enhancements
- backup process, 359
- batch processing system, 279
- BLOB system , 334
- data warehouse, 317
- decision support system, 298-299
- OLTP, 257-258
- replicated system, 377
- multiprocessor systems, 209
- MPP (Massively Parallel Processor), 209-210
- SMP (Symmetric Multiprocessor), 209
- RISC processors (Reduced Instruction Set Computer), 208
- cpu parameter, SQL Trace, 409
- CREATE SEQUENCE command, parameters, 502-503
- CREATE TABLE command, 466
- CREATE TRIGGER command, 469
- current mode, 610
- current parameter, SQL Trace, 409
- current read, 610
- cursor, 23, 610
- CURSOR SPACE FOR TIME parameter, 254
- custom benchmarks
- defined, 51-52
- writing benchmarks, 70-71
- analysis, 72
- design, 71
- implementation, 71-72
- Customer-Demographics transactions, OLTP, 65
- Customer-Inquiry transactions, OLTP, 65
- Customer-Status transactions, OLTP, 65
- cylinders (platters), 215
D
- data access patterns
- backup process, 353
- batch processing systems, 267
- BLOB systems, 324
- consistent read, 610
- data warehouses, 305-306
- decision support systems, 287-288
- OLTP systems, 246-247
- data blocks, 8
- see also extents; segments
- Data Definition Language, see DDL
- data dictionary
- cache, 103-104, 582
- defined, 5, 23, 610
- data files
- defined, 5
- logical layer, 5-6
- data generation, triggers, 469
- data integrity, see integrity
- Data Manipulation Language, see DML
- data segments, 8
- data transfer rate, 217-218
- data validation, triggers, 469
- data warehouses
- archive logs, 314
- block
- buffers, 313
- size, 315
- characteristics, 304-305
- data access patterns, 305-308
- loads, 306-307
- summary, 307-308
- checkpoints, 314
- clusters, 315
- contention, latch contention, 314
- defined, 28, 610
- design considerations, 308
- fault tolerance, 311
- hardware, 312
- physical data layout, 308-311
- direct-write sorts, 315
- enhancements, 590
- benchmarks, 320-321
- CPU, 317
- hardware, 317-319
- I/O, 317-318
- list of, 315
- networks, 319
- Parallel Query option, 316
- Parallel Server option, 316-317
- summary, 319
- testing database, 320
- testing operating system, 320
- verifying performance, 319-321
- fault tolerance considerations, 311
- hardware considerations, 312
- hash clusters, 315
- indexes, 315
- library cache, 313
- multiblock reads, 313
- physical data layout
- disk arrays, 310-311
- traditional disks, 309-310
- segments, rollback segments, 313
- tuning considerations
- Oracle, 312-314
- server operating systems, 314-315
- DATA-XPERT tool, 498
- database administrator (DBA), 610
- database design tools
- defined, 490
- Designer/2000, 490-492
- generators, 492
- Process Modeller, 491
- Systems Designer, 491-492
- Systems Modeller, 491
- third-party tools, 492-493
- ERwin/ERX, 493
- S-Designor, 493
- SQL Coder, 493-494
- database replication, see replicated systems
- Database Trigger Editor (Procedure Builder tool), 542
- Database Writer (DBWR), 11
- databases
- blocks, 608
- cold databases, 609
- design stage, layout considerations, 82
- hot databases, 611
- logical layer
- data blocks, 8
- data dictionary, 5
- data files, 5-6
- defined, 5
- extents, 8
- schemas, 25
- segments, 7
- tablespaces, 5-6
- offline databases, 613
- online databases, 613
- physical layer
- control files, 5
- data files, 5
- defined, 4
- redo log files, 5
- schema
- defined, 6-7
- objects, 6
- data dictionary cache, SQL statement, 596-597
- DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS parameter, 620
- DB_BLOCK_CHECKPOINT_ BATCH parameter, 620-621
- DB_BLOCK_CHECKSUM parameter, 628
- DB_BLOCK_LRU_EXTENDED_ STATISTICS para- meter, 628
- DB_BLOCK_LRU_STATISTICS parameter, 628
- DB_DOMAIN parameter, 630
- DB_FILE_MULTIBLOCK_ READ_COUNT para-meter, 621
- DB_FILE_SIMULTANEOUS_ WRITES parameter, 621
- DB_FILES parameter, 631
- DB_LOG_CHECKSUM parameter, 628
- DB_MOUNT_MODE parameter, 642
- DB_NAME parameter, 631
- DBA (Database Adminstrator), 23, 610
- DBA_CONS_COLUMNS view, 467
- DBA_CONSTRAINTS view, 467
- DBA_TRIGGERS view, 471
- DBGENERAL tool, 498
- DBLINK_ENCRYPT_LOGIN parameter, 631
- DBWR (Database Writer), 11
- DDL (Data Definition Language) commands, 23, 610
- deadlocks, 510, 611
- decision support systems
- archive logs, 295
- block size, 296
- characteristics, 287
- data access patterns, 287-288
- goals of optimally tuned systems, 289
- loads, 288-289
- summary, 289-290
- checkpoint, 295
- clusters, 296
- contention, latch contention, 295
- defined, 28, 611
- design considerations, 290
- physical data layout, 291-293
- direct write sorts, 296
- enhancements, 296-297, 590
- benchmarks, 301-302
- CPU, 298-299
- hardware, 298-300
- I/O, 299-300
- networks, 300
- Parallel Query option, 297
- Parallel Server option, 297-298
- summary, 300
- testing database, 301
- testing operating system, 301
- verifying performance, 300-302
- hardware considerations, 294
- hash clusters, 296
- indexes, 296
- library cache, 295
- multiblock reads, 295
- physical data layout, 291
- disk arrays, 292-293
- traditional disks, 291-292
- segments, rollback segments, 295
- tuning considerations
- Oracle, 294-295
- server operating system, 295-296
- declarations
- functions, 454
- packages, 458
- procedures, 453
- deferred frames, 611
- DELETE statement, 611
- displaying execution plan with EXPLAIN PLAN command, 414-416
- Delivery transaction (TPC-C benchmark), 62
- Delphi, 495-496, 547
- Delphi Forms Developer, 547-548
- design considerations, 82
- applications, 83, 426
- clusters, 430
- discrete transactions, 435-436
- functions, 432-433
- hash clusters, 431-432
- indexes, 426-429
- optimization techniques, 433-434
- packages, 432-433
- procedures, 432-433
- backup process, 354
- cold (offline) backups, 354-355
- hot (online) backups, 355-358
- summary, 358
- batch processing systems
- hardware, 274
- physical data layout, 270-273
- BLOB systems, 327
- hardware, 331
- physical data layout, 328-331
- clusters, 83
- data warehouses, 308
- database layout, 82
- decision support systems, 290
- hardware, 294
- distributed systems, 378-379
- financial systems, 369-371
- hardware selection, 83-84
- indexes, 83
- networks, 84, 576
- bandwidth, 576-577
- bridges, 577
- hubs, 577
- routers, 577
- segmenting networks, 577
- office systems, 384
- Parallel Server option, 343
- goals, 343-345
- physical data layout, 308-309
- replicated systems, 375-377
- goals of optimally tuned systems, 375
- systems, list of, 590-591
- TextServer 3.0 systems, 380-381
- WebServer systems, 387-388
- goals of optimally tuned systems, 387
- Designer/2000, 16, 82, 490-492
- generators, 492
- Process Modeller, 491
- Systems Designer, 491-492
- Systems Modeller, 491
- Developer/2000, 16, 82, 495
- features, 536-544
- Forms Designer tool, 536-538
- Graphics Designer tool, 537, 540-542
- Procedure Builder tool, 537, 542-544
- Reports Designer tool, 536, 538-540
- development tools, see application development tools
- device drivers, 611
- Dircect FS interface, 171
- direct I/O, see synchronous I/O
- Direct Write Sort option (Parallel Query option), 158
- direct write sorts, 143, 158
- batch processing systems, 277
- data warehouses, 315
- decision support systems, 296
- disabling
- SQL Trace
- for an instance, 406
- per-session basis, 405-406
- SQL Trace command, 410
- discrete transactions, 435-436
- DISCRETE_TRANSACTIONS_ ENABLED parameter, 621
- disk arrays
- advantages, 226
- batch processing systems, 272-273
- BLOB systems, 329-331
- configuring RAID, 235-236
- distributing random I/Os, 237-238
- isolating sequential I/Os, 236-237
- sizing logical volume, 238-239
- configuring systems, 240
- data warehouses, 310-311
- decision support systems, 292-293
- defined, 24, 225-226, 611
- fault-tolerance concerns, 233
- Full Data Protection mode, 233-234
- No Data Protection mode, 233
- Partial Data Protection mode, 233-235
- summary, 235
- hardware arrays
- controller, 227-228
- controller caches, 228
- read/write caches, 229
- write caches, 228-229
- hot-swappable disk drives, 228
- I/O rates, 234
- logical disks, defined, 24
- OLTP systems, 252-253
- operations, 226
- RAID, 229
- comparing RAID levels, 240-241
- RAID-0, 230
- RAID-1, 230-231
- RAID-2, 231
- RAID-3, 231
- RAID-4, 232
- RAID-5, 232
- summarizing RAID levels, 232
- software arrays, 227
- disk bound systems, 108
- disk I/O, 108-109
- contention, 109-110
- checkpoints, 133-134
- free list contention, 136-137
- identifying problems, 110-111
- isolating sequential I/Os, 112
- latch contention, 130-132
- rollback segments, 123-130
- separating data from indexes, 116
- striping random I/Os, 112-116
- data transfer rate, 217-218
- disk operation, 214-215
- interfaces, list of, 171
- queue time, 218
- random I/Os, 220
- rotational latency, 217
- averages, 219
- seek time, 216-217
- averages, 219
- sequential I/Os, 220-222
- SQL statement, 597-598
- disk parameter, SQL Trace, 409
- disks
- block size, testing in backup process, 363
- defined, 214
- drive, 214
- buffer, 215
- cylinder, 215
- data transfer rate, 217-218
- hot-swappable disk drives, 228
- platters, 214
- queue time, 218
- rotational latency, 217
- tracks, 214
- fragmentation, 144-146
- hot spots, 108
- logical disks, 24, 612
- storage capacity, 98
- Dispatcher processes (Dnnn process), 12
- Distributed Lock Manager, see DLM
- distributed option
- defined, 14
- parameters, list of, 638-639
- distributed systems
- characteristics, 378
- defined, 368, 377-378
- design considerations, 378-379
- summary of, 379
- transactions, 378
- tuning considerations, 378-379
- DISTRIBUTED_LOCK_ TIMEOUT parameter, 638
- DISTRIBUTED_ RECOVERY_CONNECTION_ HOLD_TIME para- meter, 638
- DISTRIBUTED_ TRANSACTIONS parameter, 639
- DLM (Distributed Lock Manager), 162
- Parallel Server option, 341-342
- DML (Data Manipulation Language) commands, 23, 611
- DML_LOCKS parameter, 622
- Dnnn process (Dispatcher processes), 12
- drivers, device drivers, 611
- drives, disk drives
- buffer, 215
- cylinder, 215
- data transfer rate, 217-218
- defined, 214
- hot-swappable disk drives, 228
- platters, 214
- queue time, 218
- rotational latency, 217
- testing block size for backup process, 363
- tracks, 214
- DSS, see decision support systems
- durability, 56
- dynamic performance tables
- buffer cache statistics, 107
- defined, 24, 611
- V$FILESTAT, disk access information, 597
- V$LATCH, latch contention data, 601
- V$ROLLSTAT, dynamic rollback growth data, 600
- V$ROLLSTAT table, rollback segment data, 129
- V$SYSSTAT, recursive calls data, 599
- V$WAITSTAT
- rollback contention data, 599
- rollback segment data, 127
- views, table of, 74-75
E
- educational services, 19
- elapsed parameter, SQL Trace, 409
- elapsed time, SQL Trace, 412
- enabling
- SQL Trace
- for an instance, 406
- per-session basis, 405
- SQL Trace command, 409
- enhancements, 583
- block size, 584
- clusters, 584
- fragmentation reductions, 584-585
- hash clusters, 585
- indexes, 585
- multiblock reads and writes, 586
- Parallel Query option, 586-587
- Parallel Server option, 587-588
- spin counts, 588
- ENQUEUE_RESOURCES parameter, 631
- equijoins, 505, 611
- errors, hints, 477-478
- ERwin/ERX tool, 493
- Ethernet, 566-568, 611
- packets, 567
- Etherplex board, OLTP enhancements, 259
- EVENT parameter, 628
- events, logging triggers, 469
- exception handlers, 455
- EXCEPTION statement, 455
- Exclusive Lock mode, Parallel Server option, 342
- executing SQL statements, 401
- execution plans, displaying, 414-416
- EXPLAIN PLAN command
- analyzing SQL statement execution, 424
- defined, 77, 394-395, 404, 414
- extracting results of, 416
- initialization, 414-415
- invoking, 415-416
- explicit locking, 509
- exports, 350
- extents, 8, 611
- see also data blocks; segments
F
- fast checkpoints, 26, 134
- fault-tolerance
- comparisons for disk array RAID levels, 240-241
- data warehouses, 311
- disk arrays, 233
- Full Data Protection mode, 233-234
- No Data Protection mode, 233
- Partial Data Protection mode, 233-235
- summary, 235
- goals, 43
- Parallel Server option, 340
- FDR (Full Disclosure Report), TPC benchmarks, 56-57
- fiber optic networks (FDDI networks), 569-570
- Fibre Channel networks, 570
- file systems, UNIX, 198
- files
- logical layer, data files, 5-6
- physical layer, 5
- redo log files, 614
- financial systems, 17
- archive logs, 372
- block
- buffers, 371
- size, 372
- characteristics, 369
- checkpoints, 372
- clusters, 372
- contention
- latch contention, 371
- rollback contention, 371
- defined, 368
- design considerations, 369-371
- goals for optimally tuned systems, 369
- enhancements, 372-373
- hash clusters, 372
- indexes, 372
- library cache, 371
- reads and writes, 372
- Parallel Query option, 372
- segments, rollback segments, 371
- spin counts, 371
- summary of, 373
- tuning considerations, 371-372
- FIRST_ROWS hint, 479-480
- FIXED_DATE parameter, 628
- flowcharts
- Oracle optimizer, 605
- problem-solving methodology, 604
- SQL statement processing, 605
- user-transaction profile, 605
- FOREIGN constraint, 465
- foreign keys, 611
- Forms Designer tool
- Designer/2000, 536-538
- Oracle Power Objects, 544-545
- Forms Developer (Delphi), 547-548
- Forms Generator tool, 492
- formulas, checksums, 23, 609
- fragmentation, 144-146
- reducing, 584-585
- frames
- deferred frames, 611
- defined, 613
- free list contention, 136-137
- SQL statement, 602
- front-end computer, see clients
- full backups, 350
- Full Data Protection mode (fault-tolerance), 234
- Full Disclosure Report (FDR), 67-69
- TPC benchmarks, 56-57
- FULL hint, 481
- functions, 432-433
- aggregate functions, 608
- body, 454
- comparisons to, 452
- declarations, 454
- defined, 24, 452-454, 611
- EXCEPTION, 455
- packages, 24
- parameters, 454
- PL/SQL language, 454-455
- RDBMS_OUTPUT package, 456
- RETURN, 454-455
- return values, 454
- stored functions
- creating, 456-457
- defined, 452
- properties, 452
- replacing, 457
- syntax, 453
- see also procedures
G
- GB (gigabyte), 30
- GC_DB_LOCKS parameter, 347, 639
- GC_FILES_TO_LOCKS parameter, 347, 640
- GC_LCK_PROCS parameter, 347, 640
- GC_ROLLBACK_LOCKS parameter, 347, 640
- GC_ROLLBACK_SEGMENTS parameter, 640
- GC_SAVE_ROLLBACK_LOCKS parameter, 640
- GC_SEGMENTS parameter, 640
- GC_TABLESPACES parameter, 640
- generating data, triggers, 469
- generators, 492
- gigabyte (GB), 30
- GLOBAL_NAMES parameter, 632
- goals (tuning), 42
- backup process, 353-354
- connectivity, 43
- design goals
- financial systems, 369
- Parallel Server option, 343-345
- replicated systems, 375
- WebServer systems, 387
- fault tolerance, 43
- load time, 44
- response time, 42-43
- setting goals for optimal performance, 48-50
- throughput, 42
- tuning considerations
- batch processing systems, 268-269
- BLOB systems, 325-326
- data warehouses, 307-308
- decision support systems, 289
- OLTP systems, 248-249
- operating systems, 589
- Graphics Designer tool (Designer/2000), 537, 540-542
H
- HAL (Hardware Abstraction Layer), 184
- hardware
- backup process
- cold (offline) backups, 355
- hot (online) backups, 357-358
- batch processing systems, 274
- enhancements, 279-281
- BLOB systems, 331
- enhancements, 334
- bottlenecks
- client, 524
- finding, 93
- buying considerations, 83-84
- CPU (Central Processing Unit), 206-207
- data warehouses, 312
- enhancements, 317-319
- decision support systems, 294
- enhancements, 298-300
- network components, 566
- Ethernet networks, 566-568
- fiber optic networks, 569-570
- new technologies, 570
- Token Ring networks, 568-569
- OLTP systems, 253, 257
- CPU enhancements, 257-258
- Etherplex board, 259
- I/O enhancements, 258-259
- network enhancements, 259
- striping, 114-115
- tuning, 531-532
- resources, 94
- Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL), 184
- hardware disk arrays, controller, 227-228
- caches, 228
- read/write caches, 229
- write caches, 228-229
- hash clusters, 146-147, 585
- advantages, 147-148
- batch processing systems, 277
- creating, 431-432
- data warehouses, 315
- decision support systems, 296
- disadvantages, 147-148
- financial systems, 372
- OLTP systems, 256
- TextServer 3.0 systems, 381
- WebServer systems, 389
- see also clusters
- HASH hint, 482
- hierarchy
- databases
- logical layer, 5-8
- physical layer, 4-5
- instance, 8
- memory structure, 8-10
- processes, 10-13
- transactions, 12-13
- high-performance compression, backup process, 365
- high-speed compression, batch processing systems, 280-281
- high-speed tape, batch processing systems, 280-281
- hints
- access methods, 481
- AND_EQUAL hint, 481
- CLUSTER hint, 481
- FULL hint, 481
- HASH hint, 482
- INDEX hint, 482
- INDEX_ASC hint, 483
- INDEX_DESC hint, 483
- ORDERED hint, 484
- ROWID hint, 483
- USE_CONCAT hint, 483-484
- USE_MERGE hint, 484
- USE_NL hint, 485
- advantages, 476
- errors, 477-478
- examples, 477-478
- implementing, 476-478
- multiple, 478
- optimization techniques, 447-478
- ALL_ROWS hint, 479
- CHOOSE hint, 479
- FIRST_ROWS hint, 479-480
- RULE hint, 480-481
- Parallel Query option, 485
- CACHE hint, 485
- NOCACHE hint, 486
- NOPARALLEL hint, 486
- PARALLEL hint, 485-486
- PUSH_SUBQ hint, 486
- syntax, 477
- host-based systems, see terminal-based systems
- hot (online) backups, 350-353, 355-356
- hardware considerations, 357-358
- physical data access, 356
- isolating networks, 357
- isolating tablespaces, 356
- temporary backup space, 357
- software considerations, 357-358
- hot data, 611
- hot databases, 611
- hot spots, 108
- hot-swappable disk drives, 228
- HPPI (High Performance Parallel Interface) networks, 570
- hubs, network design considerations, 577
I
- I/O (Input/Output)
- asynchronous I/O, 171-172
- backup process, enhancements, 359-360
- batch processing systems, 276
- enhancements, 279-280
- BLOB systems, 333
- enhancements, 334-335
- checkpoints, 133-134
- contention, 109-110
- free list contention, 136-137
- identifying contention problems, 110-111
- latch contention, 130-132
- data transfer rate, 217-218
- data warehouses, 314
- enhancements, 317-318
- decision support systems, 296
- enhancements, 299-300
- defined, 108-109, 170-171, 612
- Dircect FS interface, 171
- disk arrays, 234
- interfaces, list of, 171
- OLTP systems, 255
- enhancements, 258-259
- operating systems, 589
- NetWare, 182-183
- OS/2, 190-191
- UNIX, 197-200
- Windows NT, 186-187, 528
- operation, 214-215
- queue time, 218
- random I/O
- defined, 24, 220, 598, 614
- disk rates, 598
- distributing in disk arrays, 237-238
- spreading out, 590, 598
- striping data, 112-116
- raw devices, 171
- reducing overhead, 117
- chaining rows, 117-118
- checking for recursive calls, 118-119
- dynamic extensions, 118-119
- migrating rows, 117-118
- PCTFREE command option, 119-122
- PCTUSED command option, 119-122
- techniques, 122
- replicated system enhancement, 377
- rotational latency, 217-219
- seek time, 216-217, 219
- separating data from indexes, 116
- sequential I/O
- defined, 25, 111, 220-222, 598, 615
- disk rates, 598
- isolating, 112, 590, 598
- isolating for disk arrays, 236-237
- SQL statement, 597-598
- synchronous I/O, 171-172
- tuning considerations, 590
- I/O bound systems, 108
- IFILE parameter, 632
- INDEX hint, 482
- index segments, 8
- INDEX_ASC hint, 483
- INDEX_DESC hint, 483
- indexes, 585
- avoiding, 429
- B*-Tree structure, 149
- batch processing systems, 277
- BLOB systems, 333
- blocks, 149
- choosing
- columns to index, 428
- tables to index, 427-428
- cluster indexes
- advantages, 141-165
- creating, 430
- defined, 141, 427, 584
- disadvantages, 142-143
- see also hash clusters
- composite indexes
- advantages, 151
- creating, 428-429
- defined, 149, 427
- creating, 149-150, 426-429
- parallel index creation, 159
- data selection guidelines, 150-152
- data warehouses, 315
- decision support systems, 296
- defined, 6, 148-152, 612
- design stage, 83
- financial systems, 372
- nonunique indexes, defined, 149, 427
- OLTP systems, 256
- separating data from, 116
- TextServer 3.0 system, 381
- types, 149
- unique indexes, 149, 427
- INIT_SQL_FILES parameter, 632
- initialization parameters, 612
- initializing
- EXPLAIN PLAN command, 414-415
- SQL Trace parameters, 404-405
- Input/Output, see I/O
- INSERT statement
- defined, 612
- execution plan, displaying with EXPLAIN PLAN command, 414-416
- Inspect/SQL tool, 498
- instance
- archive logs, 134-135
- buffer cache, SQL statement, 597
- chained rows, SQL statement, 599
- checkpoints, 133-134
- data dictionary cache, SQL statement, 596-597
- defined, 4, 8, 612
- disk I/O
- SQL statement, 597-598
- storing data, 98
- free list contention, 136-137
- SQL statement, 602
- latch contention, 130-131
- SQL statement, 601
- library cache, SQL statement, 596
- memory
- buffer cache, 107-108
- operating system, 99
- private PL/SQL area, 100
- private SQL area, 100
- shared pool, 100-106
- sorts, 135-136
- storing data, 98
- migrated rows, SQL statement, 599
- processes
- background processes, 11-12
- defined, 10
- server (shadow) processes, 11
- user (client) processes, 10
- recursive calls, SQL statement, 599
- redo log buffer contention, 130-131, 600-601
- latch contention, 131-132
- rollback contention, SQL statement, 599-600
- rollback segments, 123-126
- avoiding dynamic growth, 129
- contention, 123-130
- dynamic growth of, 600
- extent size and number, 128-129
- number of, 127-128
- optimizing, 130
- size, 128
- shared memory structure, 8
- PGA (Program Global Area), 10
- SGA (System Global Area), 9-10
- sorts, SQL statement, 601-602
- transactions, 25
- INSTANCE_NUMBER parameter, 641
- integrity, 462
- constraints, 466
- implementing at table creation, 466
- implementing at table modification, 466-467
- list of, 465
- summary, 469
- viewing, 467-469
- referential integrity
- defined, 462, 614
- tables, 463-464
- serial reads, 473
- see also triggers
- interfaces
- I/O, list of interfaces, 171
- raw device interface, UNIX, 198
- IP/SQL statements, procedures, 24
- ISM (Intimate Shared Memory), UNIX operating systems, 201
- isolation, 56
J
- JOB_QUEUE_INTERVAL parameter, 632
- JOB_QUEUE_KEEP_ CONNECTIONS parameter, 632
- JOB_QUEUE_PROCESSES parameter, 632
- joins
- Cartesian products, 505, 609
- defined, 505, 612
- equijoins, 505, 611
- join conditions, 612
- nonequijoins, 613
- operations, hints, 484-485
- orders, hints, 484
- outer joins, 505, 507, 613
- self joins, 505-506, 615
- summary, 507
- tuning for response time or throughput, 507
K
- KB (kilobyte), 30
- kernels
- OS/2, 188
- Windows NT, 183
- keys
- foreign keys, 611
- primary keys 614
- keywords, triggers, 470
L
- LABEL_CACHE_SIZE parameter, 642
- LANs (Local Area Networks), 612
- latch contention, 130-131
- batch processing systems, 275
- BLOB systems, 332
- decision support systems, 295
- financial systems, 371
- office systems, 385
- OLTP systems, 255
- redo log buffer contention, 130-131
- latch contention, 131-132
- replicated systems, 376
- SQL statement, 601
- TextServer 3.0 systems, 381
- WebServer systems, 389
- latency, 214
- rotational latency, 217
- averages, 219
- layers
- HAL (Hardware Abstraction Layer), 611
- logical layer
- data blocks, 8
- data dictionary, 5
- data files, 5-6
- defined, 5
- extents, 8
- schemas, 25
- segments, 7
- tablespaces, 5-6
- physical layer
- control files, 5
- data files, 5
- defined, 4
- redo log files, 5
- layouts, 82
- batch processing systems, 270-271
- disk arrays, 272-273
- traditional disks, 271-272
- BLOB system, 328
- disk arrays, 329-331
- traditional disks, 328-329
- data warehouses, 308-309
- disk arrays, 310-311
- traditional disks, 309-310
- decision support system, 291
- disk arrays, 292-293
- traditional disks, 291-292
- OLTP system, 250
- disk arrays, 252-253
- traditional disks, 250-252
- LCK (Parallel Server Lock processes), 12
- leaf blocks, indexes, 149
- Level 1 cache, 206
- Level 2 cache, 206
- LGWR process (Log Writer), 11
- library cache, 100-102, 450-452, 582
- batch processing systems, 275
- BLOB systems, 332
- cache hits, 451
- increasing, 100-102
- data warehouses, 313
- decision support systems, 295
- financial systems, 371
- misses, 451
- office systems, 384
- OLTP systems, 254
- replicated systems, 376
- SQL statement, 596
- SQL Trace, statistics on library cache, 413
- stored functions or procedures
- creating, 456-457
- replacing, 457
- TextServer 3.0 systems, 381
- WebServer systems, 388
- LICENSE_MAX_SESSIONS parameter, 632
- LICENSE_MAX_USERS parameter, 633
- LICENSE_SESSIONS_ WARNING parameter, 633
- lightweight process, 612
- see also processes; threads
- load balancing, disabling in UNIX, 202
- load time, goals, 44
- loads
- backup process, 353
- batch processing systems, 267-268
- BLOB systems, 324-325
- data warehouses, 306-307
- decision support systems, 288-289
- OLTP systems, 247-248
- parallel loading, 159
- Local Area Networks, see LANs
- local transactions, distributed systems, 378
- locking
- deadlocks, 510
- defined, 508
- DLM (Distributed Lock Manager), 162
- explicit locking, 509
- Parallel Server option, 342
- DLM (Distributed Lock Manager), 341
- PCM (Parallel Cache Management), 162, 342-343
- row-level locking, 508
- SELECT
FOR UPDATE statement, 509
- serial reads, 508-509
- summary, 510
- table-level locking, 508
- log files, redo log files, 614
- Log Writer, see LGWR
- LOG_ARCHIVE_BUFFER_SIZE parameter, 622
- LOG_ARCHIVE_BUFFERS parameter, 622
- LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST parameter, 633
- LOG_ARCHIVE_FORMAT parameter, 633
- LOG_ARCHIVE_START parameter, 634
- LOG_BUFFER parameter, 622
- LOG_CHECKPOINT_ INTERVAL parameter, 622
- LOG_CHECKPOINT_TIMEOUT parameter, 623
- LOG_CHECKPOINTS_TO_ ALERT parameter, 634
- LOG_FILES parameter, 634
- LOG_SIMULTANEOUS_ COPIES parameter, 623
- LOG_SMALL_ENTRY_MAX_ SIZE parameter, 623
- logging
- archive logs, 134-135
- batch processing systems, 276
- BLOB systems, 332
- data warehouses, 314
- decision support systems, 295
- financial systems, 372
- office systems, 385
- TextServer 3.0 systems, 381
- WebServer systems, 389
- events, triggers, 469
- redo log files, 26-27
- logical disks, 24, 612
- logical layer
- data blocks, 8
- data dictionary, 5
- defined, 5
- extents, 8
- schema, 25
- objects, 25
- segments, 7
- tablespaces
- data files, 5-6
- defined, 5-6
- SYSTEM tablespace, 5-6
- logical volumes
- defined, 226
- sizing, 238-239
- stripes, 226
- logs, archive logs in OLTP systems, 255
M
- main memory, 612
- Massively Parallel Processor, see MPP
- master/slave architecture, NetWare, 179
- MAX_COMMIT_ PROPAGATION_DELAY parameter, 641
- MAX_DUMP_FILE_SIZE parameter, 405, 634
- MAX_ENABLED_ROLES parameter, 634
- MAX_ROLLBACK_SEGMENTS parameter, 634
- MB (megabyte), 30
- measurement conversions, 28
- binary storage units, 29-30
- powers of 10, 29
- Media Server, 18
- megabyte (MB), 30
- memory
- architecture, 210
- batch processing systems, 276
- BLOB systems, 333
- buffers
- block buffers, 22, 608
- cache, 107-108, 608
- clean buffers, 22, 608
- defined, 22, 608
- dirty buffers, 22, 608
- redo log buffers, 608
- cache
- defined, 22, 608
- hits, 609
- data warehouses, 314
- decision support systems, 296
- main memory, defined, 612
- OLTP systems, 255
- operating systems, 170, 589
- NetWare, 179-181
- OS/2, 188-189
- UNIX, 192-196, 531
- Windows 3.11, 528
- Windows 95, 530
- Windows for Workgroups 3.11, 528
- Windows NT, 185-186, 527
- physical memory, defined, 24, 614
- private PL/SQL areas, 100
- private SQL areas, 100
- PSE (Page Size Extension) memory, 170
- SGA
- defined, 616
- shared pool, 582
- shared memory, 8
- PGA (Program Global Area), 10
- SGA (System Global Area), 9-10
- shared pool, 100
- cache miss, 101
- data dictionary cache, 103-104
- library cache, 100-102
- shared session, 104-106
- sorts, 135-136
- storage capacity, 98
- tuning operating system, 99
- virtual memory
- defined, 25, 617
- paging, 211
- swapping, 211
- methodologies (performance tuning), 44
- analyzing results, 50
- defined, 41
- determining solution to problems, 48
- testing solutions, 49
- examining systems for problems, 45-46
- finding cause of performance problems, 47-48
- goal setting for optimal performance, 48-50
- problem-solving methodology, flowchart, 604
- microkernel architecture
- defined, 183, 612
- Windows NT, 183-184
- middleware
- defined, 556
- three-tiered system architecture, 557-558
- tuning, 559
- TM (Transaction Monitors)
- client-side code, 560
- defined, 559-561
- server-side code, 560
- tuning operating systems for, 561
- two-tiered system architecture, 556
- migrating rows, 117-118
- SQL statement, 599
- Mission Control, 496-497
- MLS_LABEL_FORMAT parameter, 643
- modes, current mode, 610
- monitoring systems
- buying performance monitoring tools, 79
- third-party tools, 78
- real-time monitors, 79
- threshold monitors, 79-80
- tools, 74-75, 75
- EXPLAIN PLAN command, 77
- operating systems, 77-78
- Server Manager, 76
- SNMP agents, 76
- SQL Trace, 76-77
- SQL*DBA Monitor, 76
- MPP (Massively Parallel Processor), 209-210, 612
- MTS_DISPATCHERS parameter, 637
- MTS_LISTENER_ADDRESS parameter, 637
- MTS_MAX_DISPATCHERS parameter, 637
- MTS_MAX_SERVERS parameter, 637
- MTS_SERVERS parameter, 638
- MTS_SERVICE parameter, 638
- multiblock reads, 152, 586
- batch processing systems, 275
- BLOB systems, 332
- data warehouses, 313
- decision support systems, 295
- financial systems, 372
- TextServer 3.0 systems, 381
- WebServer systems, 389
- multiblock writes, 152-153, 586
- financial systems, 372
- multimedia systems, performance criteria, 39
- multiprocessor systems, 209
- defined, 612
- MPP (Massively Parallel Processor), 209-210, 612
- SMP (Symmetric Multiprocessor), 209, 615
- multithreaded servers, list of parameters, 637-638
N
- National Language Support, list of parameters, 643-644
- NetWare, 178
- architecture, 178-179
- I/O subsystem, 182-183
- master/slave mode, 179
- memory, 179
- reducing unnecessary memory usage, 179-180
- SGA tuning, 180
- user capacity, 180-181
- networks, 181
- SPX/IPX, 181-182
- TCP/IP, 182
- tuning, 574-575
- summary of tuning guidelines, 182-183
- network frames, see frames
- Network Interface Cards (NICs), 613
- network packets, 613
- see also frames
- networks
- backup process enhancements, 360
- bandwidth, defined, 608
- batch processing systems, 276
- enhancements, 280
- BLOB system enhancements, 335
- client, bottlenecks, 523
- collisions, 609
- data warehouse enhancements, 319
- decision support system enhancements, 300
- design considerations, 576
- bandwidth, 576-577
- bridges, 577
- hubs, 577
- routers, 577
- segmenting networks, 577
- design stage considerations, 84
- Ethernet, 611
- hardware components, 566
- Ethernet networks, 566-568
- fiber optic networks, 569-570
- new technologies, 570
- Token Ring networks, 568-569
- OLTP systems, 255
- enhancements, 259
- operating systems
- NetWare, 181-182, 574-575
- OS/2, 190 575
- UNIX, 196-197, 531, 575
- Windows 3.11, 528-529
- Windows 95, 530
- Windows for Workgroups 3.11, 528-529
- Windows NT, 186, 575
- packets, testing size for backup process, 364
- performance criteria, client-server systems, 35
- protocols, 570
- SPX/IPX, 571
- TCP/IP, 571
- replicated system enhancements, 377
- software tuning, 574-576
- Token Ring, 617
- tuning considerations, 85-86
- summary, 593
- New-Order transaction (TPC-C benchmark), 61
- nibbles, 29
- NICs (Network Interface Cards), 613
- NLS_CURRENCY parameter, 643
- NLS_DATE_FORMAT parameter, 643
- NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE parameter, 643
- NLS_ISO_CURRENCY parameter, 643
- NLS_LANGUAGE parameter, 644
- NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTERS parameter, 644
- NLS_SORT parameter, 644
- NLS_TERRITORY parameter, 644
- No Data Protection mode (fault-tolerance), 233
- NOAUDIT command, 472-473
- NOCACHE hint, 486
- nonequijoins, 613
- nonunique indexes, 149, 427
- NOPARALLEL hint, 486
- normal checkpoints, 26, 133
- NOT NULL constraint, 465
O
- objects, schema objects, 6, 25, 615
- Objects for OLE: (development tool), 17
- OCI (Oracle Call Interface), defined, 613
- Office Server system, defined, 368
- office system
- archive logs, 385
- block buffers, 384
- characteristics, 383
- checkpoints, 385
- contention, 385
- defined, 382-383
- design considerations, 384
- library cache, 384
- spin counts, 385
- summary of, 385-386
- tuning considerations, 384-385
- offline, 613
- offline backups, see cold backups
- OLTP (OnLine Transaction Processing)
- archive logs, 255
- block buffers, 254
- characteristics of system, 246
- data access patterns, 246-247
- goals of optimally tuned system, 248-249
- loads, 247-248
- summary, 249
- checkpoints, 255
- comparisons to batch processing systems, 265
- contention
- latch contention, 255
- rollback, 254
- defined, 27, 590, 613
- design considerations, 249-250
- enhancements, 256-257, 590
- benchmarks, 262
- clusters, 256-257
- CPU, 257, 257-258
- Etherplex board, 259
- hash clusters, 256
- I/O enhancements, 258-259
- indexes, 256
- load testing, 260-261
- network enhancements, 259
- Parallel Server option, 257
- testing operating system, 261-262
- testing RDBMS, 261
- Transaction Monitors, 259-260
- verifying performance, 260-261
- hardware considerations, 253
- library cache, 254
- physical data layout, 250
- disk arrays, 252-253
- traditional disks, 250-252
- rollback segments, 128
- transactions, 65
- tuning considerations, 253
- Oracle, 254-255
- server operating system, 255-256
- online, 613
- online tablespace backups, see hot backups
- OPEN_CURSORS parameter, 254, 634
- OPEN_LINKS parameter, 635
- OPEN_MOUNTS parameter, 643
- operating systems
- asynchronous I/O, 589
- batch processing systems
- testing, 282, 363-365
- tuning considerations, 276-277
- BLOB systems
- testing, 336
- tuning considerations, 333
- bottlenecks, finding, 93
- data warehouses
- testing, 320
- tuning considerations, 314-315
- decision support systems, 295-296
- testing, 301
- I/O, 170-172
- memory, 170
- microkernel, 612
- monitoring performance, tools, 77-78
- NetWare, 178
- architecture, 178-179
- I/O subsystem, 182-183
- master/slave mode, 179
- memory, 179-181
- networks, 181-182
- summary of tuning guidelines, 182-183
- new features
- cache affinity, 174, 589
- post-wait semaphore, 173, 589
- preemption, 173-174
- scheduling processes, 173-174
- OLTP systems, tuning considerations, 255-256
- Oracle, network tuning, 575-576
- OS/2, 188
- architecture, 188
- I/O subsystem, 190-191
- memory, 188-189
- networks, 190, 575
- summary of tuning guidelines, 190-191
- processes, 169
- scheduling parameters, 589
- striping, 113-114
- tuning considerations, 94, 99
- goals of optimally tuned systems, 168-169, 589
- UNIX, 530-531
- architecture, 192
- benchmarking new features, 200-203
- development of, 191
- disabling preemptive scheduling, 201
- I/O subsystem, 197-200
- ISM (Intimate Shared Memory), 201-203
- load balancing, 202
- memory, 192-196, 531
- networks, 196-197, 531, 575
- new features, 201-203
- post-wait semaphores, 201-203
- Windows 3.1
- memory, 528
- networks, 528-529
- Windows 95
- 32-bit support, 529-530
- memory, 530
- networks, 530
- Oracle support, 530
- Windows for Workgroups 3.11
- memory, 528
- networks, 528-529
- Windows NT, 183
- 16-bit applications, 527
- architecture, 183-184
- defined, 527
- I/O performance, 528
- I/O subsystem, 186-187
- memory, 185-186, 527
- networks, 186, 575
- summary of tuning guidelines, 187
- threads, 184
- optimal backups, enhancements, 591
- optimization techniques
- ANALYZE command, 441-442
- checking structural integrity, 444
- data dictionary statistics, 445-447
- gathering chained-row statistics, 444-445
- gathering statistics, 442-443
- choosing, 438-439
- cost-based approach, 434, 441, 610
- defined, 433, 438-440, 613
- flowcharts (Oracle optimizer), 605
- hints, 447, 478
- ALL_ROWS hint, 479
- CHOOSE hint, 479
- FIRST_ROWS hint, 479-480
- RULE hint, 480-481
- rule-based approach, 433-434, 440, 614
- OPTIMIZER_MODE parameter, 623
- Oracle, network tuning, 575-576
- Oracle Call Interface (OCI), 613
- Oracle Corporation, 3
- Oracle Financials, see financial systems
- Oracle Mission Control, 496-497
- Oracle Office, 17-18
- Oracle Office Server, see Office Server system
- Oracle optimizer, flowchart, 605
- Oracle Power Objects, 495
- see also Power Objects
- Oracle TextServer 3.0, see TextServer 3.0 system
- Oracle Trace, 497
- Oracle WebServer, see WebServer system
- Order-Status transaction (TPC-C benchmark), 62
- ORDERED hint, 484
- OS/2, 188
- architecture, 188
- I/O subsystem, 190-191
- memory, 188
- reducing unnecessary memory usage, 189
- SGA tuning, 189
- user capacity, 189
- networks, 190
- tuning, 575
- summary of tuning guidelines, 190-191
- OS_AUTHENT_PREFIX parameter, 642
- OS_ROLES parameter, 642
- outer joins, 505, 507, 613
- overhead, I/O overhead, 117
- chaining rows, 117-118
- checking for recursive calls, 118-119
- dynamic extensions, 118-119
- migrating rows, 117-118
- PCTFREE command option, 119-122
- PCTUSED command option, 119-122
- reduction techniques, 122
P
- packages, 432-433, 457-458
- advantages, 458
- body, 458
- declarations, 458
- defined, 24, 450, 613
- program units, defined, 614
- RDBMS_ALERT package, 470
- RDBMS_OUTPUT package, 456
- syntax, 458
- see also functions; procedures
- packets (network packets), 613
- Ethernet, 567
- testing for backup process, 364
- Page Size Extension (PSE) memory, 170
- paging, 24, 211, 613
- see also swapping
- Parallel Cache Management, see PCM
- PARALLEL hint, 485-486
- Parallel Query option (add-on), 586-587, 613
- batch processing systems, 277-278
- BLOB systems, 333
- data warehouses, 316
- decision support systems, 297
- defined, 15, 153
- Direct Write Sorts option, 158
- financial systems, 372
- hints
- CACHE, 485
- NOCACHE, 486
- NOPARALLEL, 486
- PARALLEL, 485-486
- PUSH_SUBQ, 486
- parallel index creation, 159
- parallel loading, 159
- parallel query operation, 153-155
- degree of parallelism, 156-158
- I/O configuration, 156
- parallel recovery, 160-161
- parameters, list of, 626-627
- SQL statement processing, 401
- TextServer 3.0 systems, 381
- WebServer systems, 389
- Parallel Server Lock processes (LCK), 12
- Parallel Server option (add-on), 161-164, 587-588, 613
- architecture, 340-343
- batch processing systems, 278
- clusters, 339, 340
- data warehouses, 316-317
- decision support systems, 297-298
- defined, 14, 339
- design considerations, 343
- goals, 343-345
- enhancements, 590
- locks, 162-163, 342
- DLM (Distributed Lock Manager), 341
- PCM (Parallel Cache Management), 342-343
- OLTP enhancement, 257
- parameters, 346-347
- list of, 639-641
- server interconnect, 162
- system design, 346
- WebServer systems, 389
- PARALLEL_DEFAULT_ MAX_INSTANCES parameter, 347, 641
- PARALLEL_DEFAULT_ MAX_SCANS parameter, 587, 626
- PARALLEL_DEFAULT_ SCANSIZE parameter, 587, 627
- PARALLEL_MAX_SERVERS parameter, 587, 627
- PARALLEL_MIN_SERVERS parameter, 627
- PARALLEL_SERVER_IDLE_ TIME parameter, 627
- parameters
- analysis tools, list of parameters, 627-629
- AUDIT_TRAIL, 641
- AUTO_MOUNTING, 642
- BACKGROUND_DUMP_ DEST, 629
- BLANK_TRIMMING, 629
- CACHE_SIZE_THRESHOLD, 639
- CHECKPOINT_PROCESS, 629
- CLEANUP_ROLLBACK_ ENTRIES, 630
- CLOSE_CACHED_OPEN_ CURSORS, 630
- COMMIT_POINT_STRENGTH, 638
- COMPATABLE, 630
- COMPATIBLE_NO_ RECOVERY, 630
- CONTROL_FILES, 630
- CREATE SEQUENCE command, 502-503
- DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS, 620
- DB_BLOCK_CHECKPOINT_ BATCH, 620-621
- DB_BLOCK_CHECKSUM, 628
- DB_BLOCK_LRU_ EXTENDED_ STATISTICS, 628
- DB_BLOCK_LRU_ STATISTICS, 628
- DB_BLOCK_SIZE, 621
- DB_DOMAIN, 630
- DB_FILE_MULTIBLOCK_ READ_COUNT, 621
- DB_FILE_SIMULTANEOUS_ WRITES, 621
- DB_FILES, 631
- DB_LOG_CHECKSUM, 628
- DB_MOUNT_MODE, 642
- DB_NAME, 631
- DBLINK_ENCRYPT_LOGIN, 631
- DISCRETE_TRANSACTIONS_ ENABLED, 621
- distributed option, list of parameters, 638-639
- DISTRIBUTED_LOCK_ TIME-OUT, 638
- DISTRIBUTED_RECOVERY_ CONNECTION_ HOLD_TIME, 638
- DISTRIBUTED_ TRANSACTIONS, 639
- DML_LOCKS, 622
- ENQUEUE_RESOURCES, 631
- EVENT, 628
- FIXED_DATE, 628
- functions, 454
- GC_DB_LOCKS, 639
- GC_FILES_TO_LOCKS, 640
- GC_LCK_PROCS, 640
- GC_ROLLBACK_LOCKS, 640
- GC_ROLLBACK_ SEGMENTS, 640
- GC_SAVE_ROLLBACK_ LOCKS, 640
- GC_SEGMENTS, 640
- GC_TABLESPACES, 640
- general, list of parameters, 629-637
- GLOBAL_NAMES, 632
- IFILE, 632
- INIT_SQL_FILES, 632
- initialization para- meters, 612
- INSTANCE_NUMBER, 641
- JOB_QUEUE_INTERVAL, 632
- JOB_QUEUE_KEEP_ CONNECTIONS, 632
- JOB_QUEUE_PROCESSES, 632
- LABEL_CACHE_SIZE, 642
- LICENSE_MAX_SESSIONS, 632
- LICENSE_MAX_USERS, 633
- LICENSE_SESSIONS_ WARNING, 633
- LOG_ARCHIVE_BUFFER_ SIZE, 622
- LOG_ARCHIVE_BUFFERS, 622
- LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST, 633
- LOG_ARCHIVE_FORMAT, 633
- LOG_ARCHIVE_START, 634
- LOG_BUFFER, 622
- LOG_CHECKPOINT_ TIMEOUT, 623
- LOG_CHECKPOINTS_TO_ ALERT, 634
- LOG_CHECPOINT_ INTERVAL, 622
- LOG_FILES, 634
- LOG_SIMULTANEOUS_ COPIES, 623
- LOG_SMALL_ENTRY_ MAX_SIZE, 623
- MAX_COMMIT_ PROPAGATION_ DELAY, 641
- MAX_DUMP_FILE_SIZE, 634
- MAX_ENABLED_ROLES, 634
- MAX_ROLLBACK_ SEGMENTS, 634
- MLS_LABEL_FORMAT, 643
- MTS_DISPATCHERS, 637
- MTS_LISTENER_ADDRESS, 637
- MTS_MAX_DISPATCHERS, 637
- MTS_MAX_SERVERS, 637
- MTS_SERVERS, 638
- MTS_SERVICE, 638
- multithreaded servers, list of parameters, 637-638
- National Language Support, list of parameters, 643, 644
- NLS_CURRENCY, 643
- NLS_DATE_FORMAT, 643
- NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE, 643
- NLS_ISO_CURRENCY, 643
- NLS_LANGUAGE, 644
- NLS_NUMERIC_ CHARACTERS, 644
- NLS_SORT, 644
- NLS_TERRITORY, 644
- OLTP systems, 254
- OPEN_CURSORS, 634
- OPEN_LINKS, 635
- OPEN_MOUNTS, 643
- OPTIMIZER_MODE, 623
- OS_AUTHENT_PREFIX, 642
- OS_ROLES, 642
- Parallel Query option, list of parameters, 626-627
- Parallel Server option, list of parameters, 639-641
- PARALLEL_DEFAULT_ MAX_INSTANCES, 641
- PARALLEL_DEFAULT_ MAX_SCANS, 626
- PARALLEL_DEFAULT_ SCAN-SIZE, 627
- PARALLEL_MAX_SERVERS, 627
- PARALLEL_MIN_SERVERS, 627
- PARALLEL_SERVER_ IDLE_TIME, 627
- performance, list of parameters, 620-626
- PRE_PAGE_SGA, 623
- PROCESSES, 635
- RECOVERY_PARALLELISM, 627
- REMOTE_LOGIN_ PASSWORDFILE, 635
- REMOTE_OS_AUTHENT, 639
- REMOTE_OS_ROLES, 639
- ROLLBACK_SEGMENTS, 624
- ROW_CACHE_CURSORS, 624
- ROW_LOCKING, 624
- SCO UNIX, asynchronous I/O, 199
- security, list of parameters, 641-642
- SEQUENCE_CACHE_ ENTRIES, 624
- SEQUENCE_CACHE_HASH_ BUCKETS, 624
- SERIALIZABLE, 624-625
- SESSION_CACHED_ CURSOR, 625
- SESSIONS, 635
- SHARED_POOL_SIZE, 625
- SINGLE_PROCESS, 636
- SMALL_TABLE_ THRESHOLD, 625
- SNAPSHOT_REFRESH_ INTERVAL, 635
- SNAPSHOT_REFRESH_ KEEP_CONNECTION, 635
- SNAPSHOT_REFRESH_ PROCESS, 636
- SORT_AREA_RETAINED_ SIZE, 625
- SORT_AREA_SIZE, 626
- SORT_SPACEMAP_SIZE, 626
- SQL Trace, 404-405
- interpreting, 409
- TKPROF program, 407-409
- SQL_TRACE, 629
- SQL92_SECURITY, 642
- TEMPORARY_TABLE_ LOCKS, 636
- THREAD, 641
- TIMED_STATISTICS, 629
- TRANSACTIONS, 636
- TRANSACTIONS_PER_ ROLLBACK_SEGMENT, 636
- Trusted Oracle7 option, list of parameters, 642-643
- UNIX
- asynchronous I/O, 198
- SHMMAX, 194
- SHMSEG, 194
- UnixWare, asynchronous I/O, 199
- USER_DUMP_DEST, 637
- parsing SQL statements, 399-400
- Partial Data Protection mode (fault-tolerance), 234-235
- Patrol tool, 498-499
- Payment transaction (TPC-C benchmark), 62
- PCM locks (Parallel Cache Management), 162
- Parallel Server option, 342-343
- PCTFREE command option, 119-122
- PCTUSED command option, 119-122
- performance criteria
- batch-processing systems, 38
- checklist, 39
- client/server systems, 32-33
- checklist, 35-36
- client component, 33
- network, 35
- server component, 33-35
- determing problems, 46
- multimedia systems, 39
- terminal-based systems (host-based), 36
- checklist, 37-38
- database, 36-37
- front-end applications, 36
- performance monitoring tools, 73-75
- buying, 79
- EXPLAIN PLAN command, 77
- operating systems, 77-78
- Server Manager, 76
- SNMP agents, 76
- SQL Trace, 76-77
- SQL*DBA Monitor, 76
- third-party tools, 78-79
- real-time monitors, 79
- threshold monitors, 79-80
- performance problems
- finding, 92-93
- methodology
- analyzing results, 50
- examing systems for, 45-46
- finding cause of, 47-48
- goal setting for optimal performance, 48-50
- solutions for, 48-49
- persistent areas (private SQL area), 100
- Personal Oracle for Windows, 16
- PGA, 10
- physical data layout
- batch processing systems, 270-271
- disk arrays, 272-273
- traditional disks, 271-272
- BLOB systems
- disk arrays, 329-331
- traditional disks, 328-329
- data warehouses, 308-309
- disk arrays, 310-311
- traditional disks, 309-310
- decision support systems
- disk arrays, 292-293
- traditional disks, 291-292
- OLTP (OnLine Transaction Processing), 250
- disk arrays, 252-253
- traditional disks, 250-252
- physical layer
- control files, 5
- data files, 5
- defined, 4
- redo log files, 5
- physical memory, 24, 614
- PL/SQL
- defined, 14, 614
- functions, 24, 454-455
- private PL/SQL areas, 100
- procedures, 454-455
- properties, 454-455
- PL/SQL Interpreter (Procedure Builder tool), 542
- platters (disk drive), 214
- cylinders, 215
- tracks, 214
- PMON (Process Monitor), 11
- post-wait semaphore feature, 173
- operating systems, 589
- UNIX, 201
- Power Objects (development tool), 17, 495
- classes, 545-546
- features, 544-546
- Forms Designer tool, 544-545
- PowerBuilder, 495, 552
- PRE_PAGE_SGA parameter, 623
- Precise/SQL suite, 498
- preempting processes, 173-174
- preemptive scheduling, UNIX
- cache affinity, 202
- disabling, 201
- PRIMARY constraint, 465
- primary keys, 614
- private SQL area (memory), 10
- persistent areas, 100
- runtime areas, 100
- problem-solving methodology, flowchart, 604
- Procecural option, see PL/SQL
- Procedure Builder tool (Designer/2000), 537, 542-544
- procedures, 432-433
- body, 453
- comparisons to functions, 452
- declarations, 453
- defined, 24, 452-453, 614
- EXCEPTION, 455
- packages, 24
- PL/SQL language, 454-455
- RDBMS_OUTPUT package, 456
- RDBMS_OUTPUT.DISABLE, 456
- RDBMS_OUTPUT.ENABLE, 456
- RDBMS_OUTPUT.GET_LINE, 456
- RDBMS_OUTPUT.GET_LINES, 456
- RDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT, 456
- RDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE, 456
- READ_CLIENT_INFO, 417
- READ_MODULE, 417
- SET_ACTION, 417
- SET_CLIENT_INFO, 417
- SET_MODULE, 417
- stored procedures
- creating, 456-457
- defined, 7, 452
- program units, 614
- properties, 452
- replacing, 457
- syntax, 453
- see also functions
- Process Modeller tool, 491
- Process Monitor (PMON), 11
- PROCESSES parameter, 635
- processes
- ARCH, 26-27
- background
- ARCH (Archiver), 12
- CKPT (Checkpoint), 11, 26
- DBWR (Database Writer), 11
- Dnnn (Dispatcher), 12
- LCK (Parallel Server Lock), 12
- LGWR (Log Writer), 11
- PMON (Process Monitor), 11
- RECO (Recovery), 12
- SMON (System Monitor), 12
- calculating number for system, 169
- defined, 10
- operating systems, 169
- prioritizing, 169
- scheduling, 173-174
- server (shadow), 11
- user (client), 10
- see also lightweight processes; threads; traditional processes
- processing
- array processing, 510
- queries, 400
- SQL statements, 397
- bind variables, 401
- cursor creation, 398
- executing statements, 401
- fetching returned rows, 401-402
- parallelization, 401
- parsing statement, 399-400
- query processing, 400
- summary, 402
- transactions, 395-396
- processors
- CPU
- backup process enhancements, 359
- batch processing system enhancements, 279
- BLOB system enhancements, 334
- cache, 210
- CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer), 207-208
- data warehouse enhancements, 317
- decision support system enhancements, 298-299
- OLTP enhancements, 257-258
- replicated system enhancements, 377
- RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer), 207-208
- multiprocessor systems, 209
- MPP (Massively Parallel Processor), 209-210
- SMP (Symmetric Multiprocessor), 209
- products
- applications, 17
- ConText, 18
- Media Server, 18
- Oracle Financial Applications, 17
- Oracle Office, 17-18
- Oracle WebServer, 18
- development tools, 16-17
- Oracle RDBMS, 13
- Distributed option, 14
- Parallel Query option, 15
- Parallel Server option, 14
- PL/SQL, 14
- Server Manager, 15
- SQL*Net, 14
- Symmetric Replication, 15
- Trusted Oracle, 15
- Personal Oracle for Windows, 16
- services
- consulting, 18
- education, 19
- support, 19
- Workgroup Server, 15-16
- Program Unit Editor (Procedure Builder tool), 542
- program units, 24, 614
- protocols, 570-571
- SPX/IPX, 571, 615
- TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol), 571, 616
- PSE (Page Size Extension) memory, 170
- PUSH_SUBQ hint, 486
Q
- queries
- ad-hoc, 22, 608
- business support systems, 611
- component queries, 609
- compound queries, 609
- decision support systems, 28
- defined, 614
- joins
- defined, 612
- join conditions, 612
- nonequijoins, 613
- outer joins, 613
- self joins, 615
- Parallel Query option, 153
- degree of parallelism, 156-158
- Direct Write Sorts option, 158
- I/O configuration, 156
- parallel index creation, 159
- parallel loading, 159
- parallel query operation, 153-158
- parallel recovery, 160-161
- processing, 400
- rollback segments, 128
- subqueries, 609, 616
- query parameter, SQL Trace, 409
- queueing, 218
R
- RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks), 229
- comparing RAID levels, 240-241
- configuration issues, 235-236
- distributing random I/Os, 237-238
- isolating sequential I/Os, 236-237
- sizing logical volume, 238-239
- RAID-0, 230
- RAID-1, 230-231
- RAID-2, 231
- RAID-3, 231
- RAID-4, 232
- RAID-5, 232
- summarizing RAID levels, 232
- RAM (Random Access Memory), 612
- random I/Os, 220
- defined, 24, 111, 598, 614
- disk arrays, distributing random I/Os, 237-238
- disk rates, 598
- spreading out, 590, 598
- striping data, 112-113
- hardware, 114-115
- operating system, 113-114
- options, 115-116
- raw device interface, UNIX, 198
- RDBMS (Relational Database Management Systems)
- databases, 4
- defined, 4
- instance, 4
- products, 13
- Distributed option, 14
- Parallel Query option, 15
- Parallel Server option, 14
- PL/SQL, 14
- Server Manager, 15
- SQL*Net, 14
- Symmetric Replication, 15
- Trusted Oracle, 15
- RDBMS_ALERT package, 470
- RDBMS_OUTPUT package, 456
- RDBMS_OUTPUT.DISABLE procedure, 456
- RDBMS_OUTPUT.ENABLE procedure, 456
- RDBMS_OUTPUT.GET_LINE procedure, 456
- RDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT procedure, 456
- RDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE procedure, 456
- read consistency, 24, 614
- Read Lock mode (Parallel Server option), 342
- read-only snapshots, 374
- read/write caches, disk arrays, 229
- READ_CLIENT_INFO procedure, 417
- READ_MODULE procedure, 417
- real-time monitoring tools, 79
- recovery process (RECO), 12, 351-352
- RECOVERY_PARALLELISM parameter, 587, 627
- recursive calls
- checking, 118
- defined, 118, 614
- SQL statement, 599
- redo log buffer, 10, 608
- contention
- latch contention, 131-132
- SQL statement, 600-601
- redo log files, 5, 26-27, 614
- Reduced Instruction Set Computer, see RISC processors
- Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks, see RAID
- referential integrity
- defined, 462, 614
- tables, 463-464
- registering applications, 417
- Relational Database Management System, see RDBMS
- remote transactions, distributed systems, 378
- REMOTE_LOGIN_ PASSWORDFILE parameter, 635
- REMOTE_OS_AUTHENT parameter, 639
- REMOTE_OS_ROLES parameter, 639
- replicated systems
- block buffers, 376
- characteristics, 374-375
- contention, 376
- defined, 368, 374
- design considerations, 375-377
- goals of optimally tuned systems, 375
- library cache, 376
- read-only snapshots, 374
- snapshots, 615
- summary of, 377
- symmetric replication, 15, 374
- updatable, 374
- replication, 614
- Reports Designer tool
- Designer/2000, 536, 538-540
- Oracle Power Objects, 545
- Reports Generator tool, 492
- ReportSmith, 548-549
- response time
- analyzing problems, 47-48
- defined, 42
- goals, 42-43
- performance criteria, terminal-based systems, 37
- RETURN function, 454, 455
- RISC processors (Reduced Instruction Set Computer), 208
- rollback contention
- defined, 123-126, 130, 614
- financial systems, 371
- office systems, 385
- OLTP systems, 254
- replicated systems, 376
- SQL statements, 599-600
- WebServer systems, 389
- rollback segments
- avoiding dynamic growth of, 129
- batch processing systems, 275
- BLOB systems, 332
- data warehouses, 313
- decision support systems, 295
- defined, 8, 614
- dynamic growth of, 600
- extent size and number, 128-129
- financial systems, 371
- number of, 127-128
- size, 128
- TextServer 3.0 systems, 381
- transaction tables, 124
- ROLLBACK_SEGMENTS parameter, 624
- rotational latency, 217
- averages, 219
- routers, network design considerations, 577
- row cache, see data dictionary, cache
- row-level locking, 508
- ROW_CACHE_CURSORS parameter, 624
- ROW_LOCKING parameter, 624
- ROWID hint, 483
- rows
- chaining, 117-118
- SQL statement, 599
- migrating, 117-118
- SQL statement, 599
- rows parameter, SQL Trace, 409
- RULE hint, 480-481
- rule-based optimization approach, 433-434, 440
- choosing, 438-439
- defined, 614
- hints, 447
- runtime areas (private SQL area), 100
S
- S-Designor tool, 493
- scalability, 24, 615
- Scheduler
- batch processing systems, 276
- BLOB systems, 333
- data warehouses, 314
- decision support systems, 296
- OLTP systems, 255
- scheduling
- operating systems
- parameters, 589
- UNIX options, 201-203
- processes, 173-174
- schemas
- defined, 6-7, 25, 615
- objects, 6, 25, 615
- SCO UNIX
- buffer cache, tuning, 193
- networks, 196-197
- parameters
- asynchronous I/O, 199
- shared memory, 195
- scripts, CD-ROM, 646-648
- searches, see TextServer 3.0 systems
- security, list of parameters, 641-642
- seek time, 216-217
- averages, 219
- segments
- backups, 360-362
- data segments, 8
- defined, 7, 118, 615
- index segments, 8
- networks, 577
- rollback segments, 123-126
- avoiding dynamic growth of, 129
- batch processing systems, 275
- BLOB systems, 332
- contention, 123-130
- data warehouses, 313
- decision support systems, 295
- defined, 8
- dynamic growth of, 600
- extent size and number, 128-129
- financial systems, 371
- number of, 127-128
- optimizing, 130
- size, 128
- SQL statement, 599-600
- TextServer 3.0 systems, 381
- transaction tables, 124
- temporary segments, 8
- see also data blocks; extents
- SELECT statement, displaying execution plan, 414-416
- SELECT
FOR UPDATE statement, 509
- self joins, 505-506, 615
- SEQUENCE_CACHE_ENTRIES parameter, 624
- SEQUENCE_CACHE_HASH_ BUCKETS parameter, 624
- sequences
- defined, 615
- program units, 614
- table sequences
- creating, 502-503
- defined, 502
- generating primary key values, 504-505
- generating sequence values, 503-504
- summary, 504-505
- tuning considerations, 503
- sequential I/O
- defined, 25, 111, 220-222, 598, 615
- disk arrays, isolating sequential I/Os, 236-237
- disk rates, 598
- isolating, 112, 590, 598
- serial reads, 473
- joins, 508-509
- SERIALIZABLE parameter, 624-625
- Server Generator tool, 492
- server interconnect, 162
- Server Manager, 15, 76, 615
- server processes (shadow processes), 11
- servers
- multithreaded servers, parameters, 637-638
- performance criteria, 33-35
- tuning performance, 85
- services (Oracle)
- consulting, 18
- education, 19
- support, 19
- session information (PGA), 10
- SESSION_CACHED_CURSORS parameter, 625
- SESSIONS parameter, 635
- sessions, 615
- SET_ACTION procedure, 417
- SET_CLIENT_INFO procedure, 417
- SET_MODULE procedure, 417
- SGA (System Global Area)
- buffer cache, 9
- defined, 9-10, 25, 615
- redo log buffer, 10
- shared pool, 10, 582
- buffer cache, 583
- data dictionary cache, 582
- library cache, 582
- shared session information, 583
- shadow processes, see server processes
- shared memory, 8
- PGA (Program Global Area), 10
- SGA (System Global Area)
- buffer cache, 9
- redo log buffer, 10
- shared pool, 10
- UNIX, parameters, 194
- shared pool
- buffer cache, 583
- cache hit ratio, 107-108
- cache miss, 101
- data dictionary cache, 103-104, 582
- defined, 10, 100, 582
- library cache, 100-102, 582
- increasing cache hits, 100-102
- shared session area, 104-106, 583
- SHARED_POOL_SIZE parameter, 625
- shareware, middleware
- defined, 556
- three-tiered system, 557-559
- two-tiered system architecture, 556
- shipping industry systems, performance criteria, 39
- SHMMAX parameter, 194
- SHMSEG parameter, 194
- Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), agents, 76
- simple statements, 615
- SINGLE_PROCESS parameter, 636
- SMALL_TABLE_THRESHOLD parameter, 625
- SMON (System Monitor), 12
- SMP (Symmetric Multiprocessor), 209, 615
- SNAPSHOT_REFRESH_ INTERVAL parameter, 635
- SNAPSHOT_REFRESH_KEEP_ CONNECTION para-meter, 635
- SNAPSHOT_REFRESH_ PROCESS parameter, 636
- snapshots
- defined, 615
- read-only snapshots, 374
- updatable snapshots, 374
- SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol), agents, 76
- software
- backup process
- cold (offline) backups, 355
- hot (online) backups, 357-358
- testing, 364-365
- networks, 574
- NetWare, 574-575
- Oracle tuning, 575-576
- OS/2, 575
- UNIX, 575
- Windows NT, 575
- software disk arrays, 227
- Solaris
- buffer cache, tuning, 193
- networks, 197
- shared memory, parameters, 194-195
- SORT_AREA_RETAINED_SIZE parameter, 625
- SORT_AREA_SIZE parameter, 626
- SORT_SPACEMAP_SIZE parameter, 626
- sorts
- direct write sorts, 143, 158
- batch processing systems, 277
- data warehouses, 315
- decision support systems, 296
- memory, 135-136
- SQL statement, 601-602
- Source Code Control (Procedure Builder tool), 542
- spin counts, 164, 588
- financial systems, 371
- office systems, 385
- WebServer systems, 388
- SPX/IPX protocol
- defined, 571, 615
- operating systems, NetWare, 181-182
- SQL (Structured Query Language)
- cursors, 610
- queries
- defined, 614
- joins, 612
- subqueries, 609, 616
- scripts on CD-ROM, 646-648
- statements
- analyzing effects of, 424-425
- analyzing with EXPLAIN PLAN command, 424
- analyzing with SQL Trace, 423-424
- buffer cache, 597
- chained rows, 599
- characteristics of optimized statements, 394
- complex statements, 609
- data dictionary cache, 596-597
- determining dynamic rollback growth, 600
- executing, 401
- flowchart of statement processing, 605
- free list contention, 602
- functions, 24
- hints, 394
- identifying badly formed statements, 394-395
- I/O usage, 597-598
- latch contention, 601
- library cache, 596
- migrated rows, 599
- packages, 394
- procedures, 24, 394, 614
- processing, 397-402
- recursive calls, 599, 614
- redo log buffer contention, 600-601
- rollback contention, 599-600
- simple statements, 615
- sort performance, 601-602
- transaction processing, 395-396
- tuning, 422-424
- UPDATE statement, 617
- tuning private SQL areas, 100
- SQL Coder tool, 493-494
- SQL DBA, see Server Manager
- SQL Trace feature
- anaylyzing SQL statements, 423-424
- defined, 76-77, 404
- initialization parameters, 404-405
- disabling
- command, 410
- for an instance, 406
- per-session basis, 405-406
- elapsed time, 412
- enabling
- command, 409
- for an instance, 406
- per-session basis, 405
- functionality, 406
- interpreting information, 409-414
- library cache statistics, 413
- summary of, 414
- TKPROF program
- functionality, 407-409
- output file, 410-414
- parameters, 407-409
- SQL Windows, 495, 550-552
- SQL*DBA Monitor, 76
- SQL*Loader, 616
- SQL*Net, 14, 616
- SQL*Plus, 616
- SQL/DBA, 616
- SQL_TRACE parameter, 629
- SQL92_SECURITY parameter, 642
- stack space (PGA), 10
- standard benchmarks
- batch processing systems, 282-283
- BLOB systems, 336-337
- data warehouses, 320-321
- decision support systems, 301-302
- defined, 51-53
- OLTP systems, 262
- TPC (Transaction Processing Performance Council), 53-54
- ACID tests (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability), 55-58
- interpreting spreadsheet of results, 67-69
- members, 53-54
- publishing benchmarks, 57-58
- results of benchmarks, 56-58, 67-69
- rules, 55
- steering committee, 54
- Technical Advisory Board (TAB), 54
- TPC-A benchmark, 59-60
- TPC-B benchmark, 60-61
- TPC-C benchmark, 61-63
- TPC-C/S (client/server) benchmark, 66-67
- TPC-D benchmark, 63-64
- TPC-E benchmark, 64-66
- statements
- anaylyzing effects of, 424-425
- cache
- buffer cache, 597
- data dictionary cache, 596-597
- library cache, 596
- characteristics of optimized, 394
- complex, 609
- contention
- free list, 602
- latch, 601
- redo log buffer, 600-601
- rollback, 599-600
- DELETE, 611
- determining dynamic rollback growth, 600
- EXPLAIN PLAN
- analyzing statement execution, 424
- defined, 414
- extracting results of, 416
- initialization, 414-415
- invoking, 415-416
- flowchart of statement processing, 605
- functions, 24
- hints, 394
- errors, 477-478
- examples, 477-478
- implementing, 476-478
- multiple, 478
- optimization techniques, 478-481
- syntax, 477
- identifying badly formed statements, 394-395
- INSERT, 612
- I/O usage, 597-598
- joins, equijoins, 611
- optimizing, 438
- packages, 394
- procedures, 24, 394, 614
- processing, 397
- bind variables, 401
- cursor creation, 398
- executing statements, 401
- fetching returned rows, 401-402
- parallelization, 401
- query processing, 400
- statement parsing, 399-400
- summary, 402
- recursive calls, 599, 614
- rows, chained or migrated, 599
- simple statements, 615
- sort performance, 601-602
- SQL Trace feature
- analyzing statements, 423-424
- defined, 404
- disabling, 405-406, 410
- elapsed time, 412
- enabling, 405-406, 409
- functionality, 406
- initialization parameters, 404-405
- interpreting information, 409-414
- library cache statistics, 413
- summary, 414
- TKPROF output file, 410-414
- TKPROF program, 407-409
- transaction processing, 395-396
- tuning, 422-424
- UPDATE, 617
- steering committee (TPC), 54
- Stock-Level transaction (TPC-C benchmark), 62
- stored functions
- creating, 456-457
- defined, 452
- properties, 452
- replacing, 457
- see also functions
- stored procedures
- creating, 456-457
- defined, 7, 452
- program units, 614
- properties, 452
- replacing, 457
- see also procedures
- Stored Program Unit Editor (Procedure Builder tool), 542
- storing tables, see clusters
- streaming, 616
- stripes, 226
- striping data
- defined, 112
- hardware, 114-115
- operating system, 113-114
- options, 115-116
- Oracle, 112-113
- striping factor, 226
- Structured Query Language, see SQL
- subnetting networks, 576
- subqueries, 609, 616
- suites, Oracle Office, 17-18
- support services, 19
- swapping, 25, 211, 616
- see also paging
- Symmetric Multiprocessor, see SMP
- Symmetric Replication, 15, 374
- synchronous I/O, 171-172
- synonyms, 616
- syntax
- functions, 453
- hints, 477
- packages, 458
- procedures, 453
- triggers, 470
- System Global Area, see SGA
- system memory
- architecture, 210
- virtual memory, 211
- defined, 210
- speed, 206
- System Monitor, see SMON
- SYSTEM tablespace, 5
- systems, limitations, 95
- Systems Designer tool, 491-492
- Systems Modeller tool, 491
T
- table sequences
- creating, 502-503
- defined, 502
- generating primary key values, 504-505
- generating sequence values, 503-504
- summary, 504-505
- tuning considerations, 503
- table-level locking, 508
- tables
- Cartesian products, 609
- clusters, 6, 609
- columns, 6
- data dictionary, 610
- defined, 6, 616
- dynamic performance tables
- defined, 24, 611
- views (table of), 74-75
- indexes, choosing tables to index, 427-428
- integrity, referential, 463-464
- transaction tables, rollback segments, 124
- V$ROLLSTAT, rollback segment data, 129
- V$ROWCACHE, data dictionary statistics, 103
- V$SYSSTAT, buffer cache statistics, 107
- V$WAITSTAT, rollback segment data, 127
- views, data in, 446
- tablespaces
- data files, 5-6
- defined, 5-6, 616
- fragmentation, 144-146
- SYSTEM tablespace, 5-6
- tape drive, testing block size for backup process, 363
- tapes, streaming, 616
- TB (terabyte), 30
- TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol), 571
- defined, 616
- operating systems, NetWare, 182
- temporary segments, 8
- TEMPORARY_TABLE_LOCKS parameter, 636
- terabyte (TB), 30
- terminal-based systems (host-based systems), performance criteria, 36
- checklist, 37-38
- database, 36-37
- front-end application, 36
- testing performance, see benchmarks
- testing stage, 84
- clients, 85
- networks, 85-86
- servers, 85
- TextServer 3.0 system
- archive logs, 381
- block buffers and size, 381
- characteristics, 379-380
- checkpoints, 381
- clusters, 381
- contention, latch contention, 381
- defined, 368, 379
- design considerations, 380-381
- enhancements, 381-382
- hash clusters, 381
- indexes, 381
- library cache, 381
- multiblock reads, 381
- Parallel Query, 381
- segments, rollback, 381
- summary, 382
- tuning considerations, 381
- third-party tools
- analysis tools, 497
- AdHawk, 498
- DATA-XPERT, 498
- DBGENERAL, 498
- Patrol, 498-499
- Precise/SQL suite, 498
- TSreorg, 498
- application development tools, 495, 546
- Delphi, 495-496, 547-548
- PowerBuilder, 495, 552
- ReportSmith, 548-549
- SQL Windows, 495, 550-552
- database design tools, 492-493
- ERwin/ERX, 493
- S-Designor, 493
- SQL Coder, 493-494
- monitoring tools, 78
- real-time monitors, 79
- threshold monitors, 79-80
- THREAD parameter, 641
- threads
- defined, 616
- operating systems, Windows NT, 184
- see also lightweight processes; processes; traditional processes
- three-tiered system architecture, 557-558
- threshold monitoring tools, 79-80
- throughput, 42
- TIMED_STATISTICS parameter, 404, 629
- TKPROF program, 407-409
- output file (listing), 410-414
- parameters, 407-409
- TM (Transaction Monitors)
- client-side code, 560
- defined, 559-561
- OLTP enhancement, 259-260
- server-side code, 560
- tuning, 561
- Token Ring networks, 568-569, 617
- tools
- analysis tools, 496
- defined, 490
- Oracle Mission Control, 496-497
- Oracle Trace, 497
- summary, 499
- third-party tools, 497-499
- application development tools, 494, 534-536
- advantages, 534
- defined, 490
- Developer/2000, 495, 536-544
- first-generation tools, 534-535
- modern tools, 535
- Oracle Power Objects, 544-546
- Power Objects, 495
- third-party tools, 495-496, 546-552
- tuning automatically generated SQL statements, 535-536
- buying performance monitoring tools, 79
- database design tools
- defined, 490
- Designer/2000, 490-492
- third-party tools, 492-494
- monitoring performance, 75
- EXPLAIN PLAN command, 77
- Server Manager, 76
- SNMP agents, 76
- SQL Trace, 76-77
- SQL*DBA Monitor, 76
- operating systems, 77-78
- third-party monitoring tools, 78-79
- real-time monitors, 79
- threshold monitors, 79-80
- TPC (Transaction Processing Performance Council)
- ACID tests (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability), 55-58
- defined, 52-54
- members, 53-54
- publishing benchmarks, 57-58
- results of benchmarks, 67-69
- Full Disclosure Report, 56-58
- interpreting spreadsheet, 67-69
- rules, 55
- standard benchmarks, objectives, 53
- steering committee, 54
- Technical Advisory Board (TAB), 54
- TPC-A benchmark, 59-60
- TPC-B benchmark, 60-61
- TPC-C benchmark, 61-63
- TPC-C/S (client/server) benchmark, 66-67
- TPC-D benchmark, 63-64
- TPC-E benchmark, 64-66
- trace files, see SQL Trace
- tracks (platters), 214
- traditional disk drives
- batch processing systems, 271-272
- BLOB systems, 328-329
- data warehouses, 309-310
- decision support systems, 291-292
- OLTP systems, 250-252
- traditional processes, see processes
- training services, 19
- Transaction Monitors (TM)
- client-side code, 560
- defined, 559-561
- OLTP enhancements, 259-260
- server-side code, 560
- tuning, 561
- Transaction Processing Performance Council, see TPC
- transaction tables, rollback segments, 124
- TRANSACTIONS parameter, 636
- transactions
- benchmarks, TPC-C, 61-62
- committed transactions, 13
- completing, 12-13
- defined, 12-13, 25, 617
- discrete transactions, 435-436
- distributed transactions, distributed systems, 378
- latency, 214
- local transactions, distributed systems, 378
- OLTP (OnLine Transaction Processing), 65
- processing, 395-396
- remote transactions, distributed systems, 378
- rollback segments, 123-126
- user-transaction profile, flowchart, 605
- TRANSACTIONS_PER_ ROLLBACK_SEGMENT parameter, 636
- Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, see TCP/IP
- triggers
- alerts, 470
- creating, 469, 470-471
- defined, 25, 469, 617
- event logging, 469
- generating data, 469
- keywords, 470
- qualifying statements, 470
- summary, 472
- syntax, 470
- validating data, 469
- viewing, 471-472
- see also integrity
- Trusted Oracle7 option
- defined, 15
- parameters, list of, 642-643
- TSreorg, 498
- tuning
- goals
- connectivity, 43
- fault tolerance, 43
- load time, 44
- response time, 42-43
- throughput, 42
- memory
- buffer cache, 107-108
- operating system, 99
- private PL/SQL areas, 100
- private SQL areas, 100
- shared pool, 100-106
- methodology, 44
- analyzing results, 50
- determing solution to problems, 48-49
- examining system for problems, 45-46
- finding cause or performance problems, 47-48
- goal setting for optimal performance, 48-50
- performance
- clients, 85
- networks, 85-86
- servers, 85
- Tuxedo systems, features, 344
- two-phase commit, 617
- two-tiered system architecture, 556
U
- UNIQUE constraint, 465
- unique indexes, 149, 427
- units of measurements, conversions, 28
- binary storage units, 29-30
- powers of 10, 29
- UNIX, 530-531
- architecture, 192
- development of, 191
- I/O subsystem, 197-198
- asynchronous I/O, 198-200
- file system, 198
- raw device interface, 198
- memory, 192-193, 531
- reducing unnecessary memory usage, 193
- SGA tuning, 194-195
- user capacity, 195-196
- networks, 196, 531
- SCO UNIX, 196-197
- Solaris, 197
- tuning, 575
- UnixWare, 197
- new features
- benchmarking, 200
- cache affinity, 202
- disabling preemptive scheduling, 201
- ISM (Intimate Shared Memory), 201
- load balancing, 202
- post-wait semaphores, 201
- parameters
- asynchronous I/O, 198
- SHMMAX, 194
- SHMSEG, 194
- summary of tuning guidelines, 202-203
- UNIX SVR4, 191
- UnixWare
- buffer cache, tuning, 193
- networks, 197
- parameters
- asynchronous I/O, 199
- shared memory, 194-195
- updatable snapshots, 374
- UPDATE statement
- defined, 617
- execution plan, displaying with EXPLAIN PLAN command, 414-416
- updating rollback segments, 128
- USE_CONCAT hint, 483-484
- USE_MERGE hint, 484
- USE_NL hint, 485
- user processes (client processes), 10
- user-transaction profile, flowchart, 605
- USER_CONS_COLUMNS view, 467
- USER_CONSTRAINTS view, 467
- USER_DUMP_DEST parameter, 405, 637
- USER_TRIGGERS view, 471
V
- V$FILESTAT dynamic performance table, disk access information, 597
- V$LATCH dynamic performance table, latch contention data, 601
- V$ROLLSTAT dynamic performance table, dynamic rollback growth data, 600
- V$ROLLSTAT table, rollback segment data, 129
- V$ROWCACHE table, data dictionary statistics, 103
- V$SYSSTAT dynamic performance table, recursive calls data, 599
- V$SYSSTAT table, buffer cache statistics, 107
- V$WAITSTAT dynamic performance table, rollback contention data, 599
- V$WAITSTAT table, rollback segment data, 127
- validating data, triggers, 469
- VARCHAR2 data type, 510
- variables, binding, 401
- viewing
- constraints, 467-469
- triggers, 471-472
- views
- defined, 6, 617
- dynamic performance tables, 74-75
- virtual memory
- defined, 25, 211, 617
- paging, 24, 211
- swapping, 25, 211
W-X-Y-Z
- warehouses, see data warehouses
- WebServer system
- archive logs, 389
- block
- buffers, 388
- size, 389
- characteristics, 386-387
- checkpoints, 389
- clusters, 389
- contention, latch and rollback, 389
- defined, 18, 368, 386
- design considerations, 387-388
- enhancements, 389-390
- hash clusters, 389
- library cache, 388
- multiblock reads, 389
- Parallel Query option, 389
- Parallel Server option, 389
- spin counts, 388
- summary, 390
- tuning considerations, 388-389
- Windows 3.1
- memory, 528
- networks, 528-529
- Windows 95
- 32-bit support, 529-530
- memory, 530
- networks, 530
- Oracle support, 530
- Windows for Workgroups 3.11
- memory, 528
- networks, 528-529
- Windows NT, 183
- 16-bit applications, 527
- architecture, 183-184
- defined, 527
- I/O performance, 528
- I/O subsystem, 186-187
- memory, 185, 527
- reducing unnecessary memory usage, 185
- SGA tuning, 185-186
- user capacity, 186
- networks, 186
- tuning, 575
- summary of tuning guidelines, 187
- threads, 184
- words, 29
- Workgroup Server, 15-16
- write caches, disk arrays, 228-229
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